Ancestry of Amelia Earhart

One of the worlds most celebrated aviators, Amelia Earhart was born in Atchison, Kansas on July 24, 1897. The daughter of a railroad company attorney, she lived with her maternal grandparents in Atchison until the age of 12. She then moved around with her family for several years, living in Des Moine, Iowa; Chicago, Illinois; and Medford, Massachusetts. Amelia saw her first airplane in 1908 at the Iowa State Fair, but her love of flying lay dormant until Christmas Day 1920, when her father took her to the opening of a new airfield in Long Beach, CA. Three days later, she took her first ride with barnstormer Frank M. Hawks. Amelia Earhart set several aviation records, including the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic, before disappearing over the Pacific on an around-the-world flight in 1937. Learn about Earharts relatives with this family tree, which is organized by generation. First Generation 1. Amelia Mary EARHART  was born 24 Jul 1897 in Atchison, Atchison County, Kansas, to Edwin Stanton Earhart and Amelia Amy Otis in the home of her maternal grandparents. Amelia Earhart married George Palmer Putman, born 7 September 1887 in Rye, Westchester County, New York,  on 7 Feb 1931 in Noank, New London County, Connecticut. Amelia died after 2 Jul 1937 in on a pioneering flight around the world and was declared legally dead on 1 January 1939. Second Generation (Parents) 2. Edwin Stanton EARHART  was born on 28 Mar 1867  in Atchison, Kansas to the Rev. David Earhart Jr. and Mary Wells Patton. Edwin Stanton EARHART and Amelia  OTIS were married on 18 Oct 1895 in Trinity Church, Atchison, Kansas. After a brief separation during 1915, the Earharts reunited in Kansas City in 1916 and moved to Los Angeles, although  Edwin and Amy eventually divorced in 1924.  Edwin S. Earhart married a second time to Annie Mary Helen McPherson on 26 August 1926 in Los Angeles. Edwin died on 23 Sep 1930 in Los Angeles, California. 3. Amelia (Amy) OTIS  was born about March  1869 in Atchison, Kansas, to Judge Alfred G. and Amelia  (Harres) Otis. She died on 29 Oct 1962 in Medford, Middlesex County, Massachusetts, at the age of 95. Edwin Stanton EARHART and Amelia (Amy) OTIS had the following children: i. Infant EARHART was born and died in Aug 1896.1 ii. Amelia Mary EARHARTiii. Grace Muriel EARHART was born 29 Dec 1899 in Kansas City, Clay County, Missouri and died 2 March 1998 in Medford, Massachusetts. In June  1929, Muriel married World War I veteran Albert Morrissey, who died in 1978. Third Generation (Grandparents) 4.  Rev. David EARHART  was born 28 Feb 1818 on a farm in Indiana County, Pennsylvania. David studied theology and was licensed by the East Ohio Synod in 1844, eventually serving seven different congregations in Western Pennsylvania, three of which he organized, and six for which he was involved in building the house of worship. In January 1845 the  Rev. David Earhart  assisted in organizing the Pittsburgh Synod and  was known for being one of the first Lutheran pastors in the state to use the English language almost exclusively.  He and his family relocated to Sumner, near Atchison, Kansas in early 1860 where they stayed until 1873. At that point, David and Mary returned to Somerset County, Pennsylvania, and then later moved as he  served congregations in Donegal, Westmoreland County (1876) and Armstrong County (1882), also in Pennsylvania. Following the death of his wife in 1893, David moved to Philadelphia to live with his  daughter, Mrs. Harriet Augusta (Earhart)  Monroe. His final years then found him living with another daughter, Mary Louisa (Earhart) Woodworth in Kansas City, Jackson County, Missouri, where he  died on 13 Aug 1903. David Earhart is buried in Mount Vernon Cemetery, Atchison, Kansas. 5. Mary Wells PATTON  was born on 28 Sep 1821 in Somerset County, Pennsylvania to John Patton and Harriet Wells. She died on 19 May 1893 in Pennsylvania and is buried in Mount Vernon Cemetery, Atchison, Kansas. Rev. David EARHART and Mary Wells PATTON were married on 16 Nov 1841 in Trinity Lutheran Church, Somerset, Somerset County, Pennsylvania and had the following children: i. Harriet Augusta EARHART was born on 21 Aug 1842 in Pennsylvania and married Aaron L. Monroe about . Harriet died 16 July 1927 in Washington, D.C. and  is buried in Mount Vernon Cemetery in Atchison, Kansas.ii.  Mary Louisa EARHART was born on 2 Oct 1843 in Pennsylvania. She married Gilbert Mortiere Woodworth, who died in Philadelphia on 8 Sep 1899. Mary died 29 Aug 1921 in Kansas City, Jackson, Missouri.iii. Martin Luther EARHART was born on 18 Feb 1845 in Armstrong County, Pennsylvania, and died 18 Oct 1925 in Memphis, Shelby County, Tennessee.iv. Phillip Melancthon EARHART was born on 18 Mar 1847 and died sometime prior to 1860.v. Sarah Katherine EARHART was born on 21 Aug 1849 and died sometime prior to 1860.vi. Josephine EARHART was born on 8 Aug 1851. She died in 1853.vii. Albert Mosheim EARHART was born about 1853.viii. Franklin Patton EARHART was born about 1855.ix. Isabella Della EARHART was born about 1857.x. David Milton EARHART was born on 21 Oct 1859. He died in Ma y 1860.xi. Kate Theodora EARHART was born on 9 Mar 1863.2 xii. Edwin Stanton EARHART 6.  Judge Alfred Gideon OTIS was born on 13 Dec 1827 in Cortland, Cortland County, New York. He died on 9 May 1912 in Atchison, Atchison County, Kansas, and is buried in Atchisons Mount Vernon Cemetery, alongside his wife, Amelia. 7. Amelia Josephine HARRES was born in Feb 1837 in Philadelphia. She died on 12 Feb 1912 in Atchison, Kansas. Alfred Gideon OTIS and Amelia Josephine HARRES were married on 22 Apr 1862 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and had the following children, all born in Atchison, Kansas: i. Grace OTIS was born on 19 Mar 1863 and  died on 3 Sep 1864 in Atchison.ii. William Alfred OTIS  was born on 2 Feb 1865.  He died from diphtheria on 8 Dec 1899 in Colorado Springs, Colorado.iii. Harrison Gray OTIS  was born on 31 Dec 1867 and  died on 14 Dec 1868 in Atchison.3  iv. Amelia (Amy) OTISv. Mark E. OTIS  was born about Dec 1870.vi. Margaret Pearl OTIS  was born about Oct 1875 in Atchison and  died on 4 Jan 1931 in Germantown, Pennsylvania.vii. Theodore H. OTIS  was born on 12 Nov 1877 and  died on 13 Mar 1957 in Atchison  and is  buried in the citys Mount Vernon Cemetery.viii. Carl Spenser OTIS  was born about Mar 1881, also in Atchison. Sources: Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon.  Amelia: The Centennial Biography of an Aviation Pioneer. Washington, D.C.: Brasseys, 1997. Navy Ends Search for Miss Earhart,  The New York Times, 19 July 1937, page 1, col. 5. Goldstein Dillon,  Amelia: The Centennial Biography, 264.

Gender Stereotypes And Gender Roles - 1076 Words

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These issues are typically discussed in large countries with a large population and an effect on global politics. America is in the middle of a very large feminist movement. Feminism as a movement stands for equality for women in all forms of media, pay scale, and treatment in every regard. This group opposes gender roles, gender stereotypes, and any real distinction between men and women except for the anatomical differences. There was also a large series of public events highlighting the way women in the Middle East areShow MoreRelatedGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles Essay1415 Words   |  6 PagesRoles are often assigned to boys and girls in accordance with the sex assigned at birth. We refer to these as gender roles. Gender roles begin to be imposed as early as birth. The nursery in the hospital assigns either a blue name plate for a boy or a pink name plate for a girl. These roles are continuously rein forced by family. 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Theatre Arts Essay Example For Students

Theatre Arts Essay My name is John but my mother, Jenny, calls me Jack, probably because that was the name of my biological father, her prom date when she was only 18-years- old. Conceived in the backseat of a 1990 Pontiac Trans Am 24. Yearlong, she gave birth to me nine months later when she was barely 19-years-old. Now 42 years-old but looking ten years younger, my Mom is a real MILL with a stripers body and a movie stars face. She told me that before her prom date could put a ring on her finger to make me legitimate instead of the bastard that I am today, he joined the Marines, went off to war, and never returned, Being that she cant even remember his last name, she doesnt know if hes alive or dead. My kid sister Emma, half-sister actually, was born two years later when my mother got a job striping off her clothes while dancing around a pole for tips to support me. One of her special lap dance, private customers got her pregnant. Even then, with her having more than a few special lap dance customers, she isnt know which one of her private customers was my sisters Daddy. Being that she was so fertile, my mother should have kept a notebook of who she had sex with when. Im just glad she had her tubes tied with the birth of my sister. One bitchy off sister is enough. A good looking woman Who lived alone With two small kids Without a job, unable to work and on welfare, she always had some man sniffing around her and Willing to support her in exchange for sex. I guess men would rather give money to her than to waste their money at a strip club for a special lap dance from a stripped who had God knows what diseases. At least they saw that my Mom was trying to do the right thing by raising and caring for her children. Still, when seeing my Mom out in the world without us tagging behind, probably because she was so young and looked more like a teenager than she did a twenty- something-year-old, ex-stripped of a woman , one would never think that she had two kids. As far hack as I could remember, Id hear her moaning and, whichever new man she was with, Id hear him groaning while they had rock star, mattress squeaking, and head banging against the headboard Humping one another so hard and o fast, my Venetian blinds kept time with their humping by bumping against my window. Sexually excited listening to my mother having sex and being that always wished that I could have rock star sex with her too, never viewed her as a normal son would view his mother. Much like every Other man shes been with and shes been with many, I viewed her as a sexual object to be lusted over and desired. Especially at my testosterone filled age, always horny, believing that sex is all that wanted, never considered that what really wanted was to have incestuous sex With my mother. Not a typical childhood and grateful for that, at least she didnt abort us or put us up for adoption. A loving mother, always cooking and cleaning, she always tried to make the best home that she could for us. Now that Im of age and earn decent money, I help support her and my sister. Its the least that can do for all that shes done for me in raising me and in making me the man that I am today. Maybe because we dont share the same father but instead of her calling me John or Jack, my sister calls me jerk because shes a hitch, Notwithstanding her calling me names, the fact that I hate her doesnt stop me from spying on her and peeping on her while trying to see her naked. Then, whenever see something of her that a brother shouldnt see of his sister, I ogle her while masturbating over her, Like mother like daughter, my sister is a good looking broad, Much like my mother, like mother like daughter, she has a wicked hot body. Again, much like my mother, like mother like daughter, shes a slut too. After a long, cold, boring winter, summertime sexy fun is finally here. Today is the first day of summer. Hooray! A voyeurs dream come true, love the summers hot, humid weather where sexy, slut women wear less clothes and show more skin. As if my voyeurism hibernated with the cold and with women wearing pants and pantyhose under their long skirts, the selfish batches that they all are not to show their legs, womens exhibitionism was non-existent in the wintertime for the sake of them keeping warm. The summertime is the opposite with women taking it off instead of putting it on. Rather wanting to be cool than to be hot, oxymoron to me, when they remove their clothes, the cooler they are the hotter they are. No more coats and jackets to hold down short, light skirts that blow up with the summer breeze in the way of a loose leaf floating on a current of air. Short skirts with panties instead of pantyhose for me to see what I shouldnt see when women bend, stoop, sit, and climb up a flight upstairs ahead of me are my summertime memories to make. Low cut blouses, especially those without a bra, that give me down blouse, side blouse, and up blouse views are all part of my summertime, entertainment fun. Bathing suits that show too much and bikinis that show it all, summer is my best season to voyeur women. Women, women, women, I love hot, sexy women, especially and specifically my where of a mother and my sexy, slut sister. Even with all of the women that there are out in the world, I dont know what t is about my mother and sister but Im so very sexually attracted to them. If I could have sex with them. Without hesitation, would. If could make them my sexy batches and my sexual slaves, without thinking about the repercussions of having incestuous sex with my mother and sister, I would. But too confident and too strong willed, they have minds of their own. Being that as it may, going with the flow, anything to have sex with them, I wouldnt mind them making me their sexual slave. They are two women who will never allow a man to control them. They are the ones who take the control by teasing men while flaunting men their hot bodies while acting so innocent by making their flashes appear accidental. Every day I masturbate over making love to my mother and bucking my sister, Every day masturbate over imagining them blowing me. Wishing could have an incestuous threesome, Id love for my mother and sister to suck my sock while I fondled their big breasts and fingered their nipples. In addition to it being the first day of summer, a day to celebrate semi-naked women, today is my slut sisters twenty-first birthday. Never seeing it coming but hoping that one day would, today is the day that changed my life forever. Never Will have another day to match this day. Masturbating about it daily, as if it all happened yesterday, Ill remember this first day of summer for the rest of my life. Happy birthday Emma, I said giving her a birthday card and a gift, some perfume, along with a kiss on her cheek, When I kissed my sisters cheek, something Ive never done before, being that dont like her as a person, nonetheless my personal telling for her, a flash of sexual excitement hit me in the way of a glass of cold water being thrown in my face. With the both to us growing up in a broken home and having a troubled childhood, i t then that I realized that Ive never been as physically close to y sister as I was then when I kissed her cheek. Another Breakfast At Tiffany's EssayInstead of her being my bitchy, sexy, slut sister, wish I could make her my bitchy, sexy, slut lover, A love,hate relationship, suddenly wanted my sister in a way that Ive never wanted my sister before and in the way that Ive always wanted my mother. Consumed why incestuous sexual thoughts, if only my sister wanted me as much as I want her, Id do her. If only my mother wanted me as much as I want my mother, Id do her etch). In the way that so many men have experienced one or the other, if only I could have a horseshoe with my where of a mother and slut a sister, this summer would be the best summer ever and Id be a happy man. Alas, knowing that Id never have sex with my sister or with my mother, I knew it was all just a sexual fantasy. Alas, knowing a threesome with my sister and mother was out Of the question, the only time Id have sex with them is in my dreams. At the very least, being that the summer was finally here, could ogle their nearly naked bodies out by the pool while masturbating myself in my room. Happy birthday Sis. I imagined holding my sock in my hand to show her my facial birthday gift that wrapped especially for her. Think of my sock as a special Hostess Twinkle, imagined saying to her. l tied a bow around my sock for you to untie before you suck me to reveal the creamy surprise inside. Oh thank Johnny. I cant wait to unwrap your sock and suck it. Yum, cant wait to swallow your creamy surprise, I imagine Emma saying while being so appreciative to my birthday present and grateful to not only suck my sock but also to swallow my UCM. A family tradition, if only once a year on our birthda ys, how hot would that be for my sister to suck my sock on her birthday and on my birthday too? What better birthday gift can give my sister than having her blow me and what better birthday gift can my sister give me than by blowing me? Cant think of anything better than that either, unless its to bang my sister and give her a Happy bucking Birthday orgasm. In the meantime, being that today is her birthday and being that Im so tempted, how hot would that be for me to lift her short, skirt, pull down herewith, bikini panty, and feel my hand all over her naked ass while spanking her? Slap! Slap! Slap! Johnny! Dont. Let me go! If only I could, Id slap her tight, little, naked ass- Slap! Slap! Slap! Mom! Help! How hot would that be for me to so sexually abuse my sister on the pretense of giving her good luck birthday slaps? Can just hear her screaming now while struggling to get away from me, Johnny dont! Let me go! Stop it! Mom! Johnny pulled up my short skirt, pulled down my white, bikini panties, put me over his lap, and is spanking my naked ass, imagined my sister calling fo r my mother to rescue her from me. Thats nice dear, I imagined my mother saying. I cant wait for my birthday when your brother does the same to me too. Cant wait for his birthday when fall to my knees and suck his sock While seductively looking up at him With my gig, blue eyes. Wishing could see her with my big, hard, hairy sock in her beautiful mouth, Id do anything to buck my sister and to watch her suck me while looking up at me with her big, blue eyes. Johnny stop. Youre hurting me. My ass is all red and sore. Alas, just a sexual fantasy, my sister, even the slut that she is, would never do me, her big brother, or allow me to do her. Shed never even allow me pull up her short skirt, pull down her white, bikini panty, pull her across my knee and allow me to slap her round, firm, naked ass twenty-one times with another hard slap or good luck. Oh my God, Johnny, Im going to UCM, imagined my sister being so sexually excited from me spanking her. Id so love to slap her naked ass twenty-one times. Johnny! Im Cumming. Im Cumming. Id so love to give her one, hard, last slap as a good luck slap. Slap! Owe! Gasohol, imagine her saying while rubbing her red ass. Now of legal drinking age, no matter that shes been drinking for years already nap. ay, my where of a mother took my slut a sister, where else, to an all-male revue, strip club, Unbelievable with them being the sluts that they both are and tit me being so horny, just what is my mother teaching my sister by bringing her to a strip club on her twenty-first birthday? A long time sexual fantasy, just hoped to God that theyll come home so drunk and so horny that they wont know or care who I am and give me incestuous sex_ A dream come true, Id love to have sex with my drunken, naked mother and drunken, naked sister. Wow, thought to myself. Wouldnt that be something if they came home so drunk and so horny that they practically raped me instead Of me having to rape them? Yet, much in the same way of the spanking their naked asses, knowing that loud never happen either, nothing more than a sexual fantasy, it was exciting nonetheless to masturbate over the thoughts of having sex with my mothe r and my sister. If nothing else and at the very least imagined, too drunk to notice while talking to me, maybe theyll strip naked in front of me while readying themselves for bed. Two tort one, Id love to compare my mothers naked body to my sisters naked body. With their adjoining bedroom doors wide open in the way theyve been leaving their bedroom doors open lately while undressing I imagined standing in between their bedroom doorways while watching them enders and striping themselves naked in readiness for bed. Distracting them with conversation while staring at their naked bodies, imagined asking them questions about their CFML adventure. As if watching a tennis match, going from watching my mother undressing to my watching my sister undressing, I imagined them both removing their blouses and short skirts to stand before me in their low cut bras and revealing bikini panties while telling me all that happened and all that they shamelessly did at the strip club. Then, mindlessly moving their hands behind their backs while incessantly liking While drunk, I imagined watching them remove their bras, first my mother and then my sister, first one cup and then the other, to show me their big its.

HCA Case Study for Health Outcomes and Care- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHCA Case Study for Health Outcomes and Care. Answer: Introduction: Summary of the case study: The case study provided is related to that of a trainee to join as a health care attendant who had been working as an attendant in the residential care. Therefore it is understood that he possessed some sort of experience regarding healthcare. The new attendant named David had some sort of experience in residential care. However according to the case study provided it was the first day of Davids joining under his trainer Barbara, who had worked as a HCA for the last one year. Concerns according to the case study: The case study puts forward concerns such as the safety of the patient, the problems of miscommunication. It also puts to the fore the issues regarding the identification of the patient awaiting discharge. These issues have been addressed. In light of all these issues it needs to be mentioned that Barbara should maintain a particular decorum while approaching David (3). He needs to be given a brief regarding the war in which he should understand instructions and communicate them. It is advisable that Barbara at first ask David about his decision to move a particular patient from his bed before clarifying whether it is required or not. The explanation of the way to approach a particular brief or a command needs to be clearly explained by Barbara to David. It also needs to be checked whether the command is related to the patient on which David is performing the operation or not. The importance of communication in healthcare needs to be clarified (2). Finally after proper explanation of the scenario, it is to be stated to David that there are several implications of a particular decision taken by David on the lives of the patients. It is necessary that David gets a brief regarding the decision making techniques in future. It also needs to be understood that there needs to be certain guidelines which need to be maintained related to the decisions in connection to the patient care (4). It needs to be understood that the trainees need to perform any severe or impactful tasks in the presence of a senior. It always needs to be kept in mind that a doctor or a senior health care attendant is to be informed at all times regarding a patients condition. In case any mismatches or anomalies are found related to the patients health or it is found that the patient is not responding to the care, the trainee should stop at once from deploying any sort of attention or duties which might harm the condition of the patient in any way (7). Proper identification of the patient is a crucial task and its utility needs to be clearly explained to David by Barbara. Barbara should clearly state that, the clinical leaders and senior managers of a health service organization establish systems in order to ensure the proper identification of patients and correct matching of the patients with the intended treatment and proper methods of discharge. The clinicians, healthcare assistants and all the members of the workforce should make proper identification and procedural matching systems (6). Barbara should clearly mention to David that he abide by all the existing rules and regulations of the healthcare industry in order to maintain the patients health at all costs (5). The other team members need to be informed as the healthcare industry involves a lot of team work where the attendants help each other in providing the best quality of healthcare to the patients. Ones the attendants, assistants and trainees are aware similar situations can be avoided in the future. The new trainees specifically need to be briefed that they should learn from situations like Davids so that they do not repeat these issues or problems in future so that they maintain the quality and reputation of the organization they work for. The hands-on experience is always better than the theoretical knowledge and therefore this example is significant for all the trainees and attendants (6). In case the situations are informed to the attendants or other members of the team or even the helpers, then these people can prevent the occurrences of miscommunication and wrong identification and ultimately save the patients from being harmed in any way. The members of the team who can contribute to an improved transition of care includes the hospital nursing staff, the trainees the case managers, pharmacists, nurse practitioners physical assistants, in hospital and outpatient physicians (7). The inter-professional communication needs to be maintained at all times in any health care association. A proper network of communication needs to be maintained at all times so that all the members of the team are aware of all the situations which the patients are in and what needs to be done in each of the cases. A helper should be posted in the room at all times to ensure that the patient is well attended to (3). The communication procedures should be established among the patients care sites, including the hospital, specialists office and also the primary care office. Other members of the healthcare team can also stops mishaps from happening (2). Telephonic connectivity should also be ensured at all times so that the patients condition is taken care of at all times. The families of the patients should also be informed at all times in case of any emergency so that they can come at any time. Every member of the team should put forward his or her skills and challenges faced and discuss his or her experiences so that proper knowledge can be learned from them (6). The inter-professional collaboration is an essential part of improving the accessibility, quality and the value of the health care (7). Conclusion: In the case study mentioned the inter-professional communication needs to be improved. The case managers need to be informed about all the cases. In this case, Mr. Roberts suffering from pneumonia who is awaiting his discharge needs to be mentioned to all the members of the team so that they can inform David when he comes to the wrong patient and tries to remove him from the bed. Such situations need to be avoided in future at any cost. References: Hibbard JH, Greene J. What the evidence shows about patient activation: better health outcomes and care experiences; fewer data on costs. Health affairs. 2013 Feb 1;32(2):207-14. Mitchell P, Wynia M, Golden R, McNellis B, Okun S, Webb CE, Rohrbach V, Von Kohorn I. Core principles values of effective team-based health care. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine; 2012 Oct. Peabody FW. The care of the patient. Jama. 2015 May 12;313(18):1868-. Bodenheimer T, Sinsky C. From triple to quadruple aim: care of the patient requires care of the provider. The Annals of Family Medicine. 2014 Nov 1;12(6):573-6. Liaw SY, Zhou WT, Lau TC, Siau C, Chan SW. An interprofessional communication training using simulation to enhance safe care for a deteriorating patient. Nurse education today. 2014 Feb 28;34(2):259-64. Reeves S, Perrier L, Goldman J, Freeth D, Zwarenstein M. Interprofessional education: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (update). The Cochrane Library. 2013 Mar 28. Delunas LR, Rouse S. Nursing and medical student attitudes about communication and collaboration before and after an interprofessional education experience. Nursing Education Perspectives. 2014 Mar 1;35(2):100-5.

Rising Sun Essays - Neo-noir, Rising Sun, Michael Crichton

Rising Sun I read the novel Rising Sun by Michael Crichton. The story is about the grand opening of the Nakamoto Tower in Los Angeles, the new American headquarters of a Japanese corporation. On the night of the opening a young girl was killed on the forty-sixth floor, one story above the floor of the party. The Japanese liaison, Lieutenant Peter James Smith, was called to help the investigation begin, as the Japanese businessmen tried to stall the police. Though the story is about a homicide investigation, the underlying theme is one of business deals, both corrupt and proper. Throughout the book the reader is taken though the way of Japanese business, and quickly learns the differences between American companies and the Japanese even today. Rising Sun shows examples of the Japanese persuasion in almost all aspects of typical American life. The Japanese motto ?Business is war? comes into affect throughout the story, and is shown in their maneuvers to outwit the police. The businessmen of Nakamoto Tower know that the murder was recorded on their surveillance cameras, so they switch the tapes before the police have an opportunity to look at them themselves. Then, with technology years ahead of the Americans, they alter the video to transform the identity of the murderer. They care not for the truth to be found, and they only work to hide the murder from the public. The fear of a scandal that would topple the Nakamoto Corporation is enough to make the Japanese do whatever it takes to prevent the public from knowing of the murder. The book also discusses the loss of basic industries to Japan. The decline of American business became apparent even to Congress, who would move to stop the sale of business to the Japanese. The American approach to business is entirely different than the Japanese approach. American companies are compelled to show profits every few months, while the Japanese don't care for the short-term business at all. Often, they create their products and sell them below cost, a practice known as ?dumping?. While dumping is illegal under American and international law, the Japanese continue to do it, but only in America. They might lose money at first, but after a few years, they can refine their products and actually make them at a lower cost. By then the Japanese businesses have taken control of the market, without fear of American retaliation for their unlawful tactics. American government has provided an open market in its business. We have laws that prevent monopolies by American owners, but we welcome foreign investors without much worry. Other countries, which Americans do business with, have provided open markets, including the Japanese. But while the Japanese claim to have an open market, they play by their own rules. They don't sell their companies to Americans, but continue to buy ours. They force Americans to license their technology to Japanese companies before they can sell in their country. Japan takes eight years to give Americans a patent, and in the meantime the Japanese create a superior version of the same product after scrutinizing and perfecting our would-be-patented inventions. While other European countries play with a tit-for-tat strategy, Americans do nothing to prevent the Japanese from making use of their same illicit approaches over and over. America is afraid to upset the Japanese because we want to keep them as an ally of ours against Russia. At this point, two economies are too tightly intertwined for America and Japan to not come together in business. All this is proven through the telling of the story by the author. He talks of the loss of American business to the Japanese as almost tragic. The author, Michael Crichton, makes the point that it is time for Americans to take hold of their businesses in the industries we can still control. We need to realize that if we sell all of our companies to one nation, soon that nation will be able to control our control at will. If they are the sole creator of certain items, we will most certainly become dependant on them. He suggests that the Japanese ware good at what they do, but do not care to be fair. Crichton explains

Controversy Surrounding Animal Testing in the Cosmetic Industry The WritePass Journal

Controversy Surrounding Animal Testing in the Cosmetic Industry Abstract Controversy Surrounding Animal Testing in the Cosmetic Industry , pp. 1) utilizes the qualitative post positivism approach in order to evaluate a large number of subjects to the Draize eye test.   This form of analysis employed a large number of animals in the quest to determine the influence of external irritants on the eye. The utilization of qualitative data and surveys enabled a quality assessment of conditions that illustrates the full range of potential. The need to expose a large number of subjects to chemicals in order to achieve credible results was rewarded with substantial steps forward in the industry (Loprieno1992, pp. 809).   The utilization of the scientific method, in close proximity with the subjects, in order to create empirical evidence, coupled with experience is a viable practice when facing large numbers of potential subjects. The area of animal testing, in every form, is credited with allowing major advances in the production of medicines and cosmetics (Marzulli and Maibach 1983, pp. 281).   With a proven value that enables the ability to combat skin disease in both the human and animal kingdom, the justification for the methodology is argued to lie in the medical advances. Further supporting the benefits of the practice of quantitative studies, Bronaugh and Maibach (1999, pp. 167) point to the demonstrative aspects of the results which assist in determining the end parameters of the research. The converse ethical argument points to the unreliability of many of the test results to the large difference between species (PETA 2013, pp. 2). Both the qualitative and the quantitative approach have been utilized in an applicable manner, yet, the most relevant form for a well-balanced study of the animal testing in the cosmetic industry would be found in the qualitative mixed Post Positivist approach, as employed by Wilhemus (2013, pp. 1) and Degrazia (1996, pp. 72).   This method allows the production of empirical data via the questionnaires, alongside the addition of personal experience which will be essential in the study of the animal testing in cosmetics industry. The potential for large sample groups during the examination will be addressed in the approach, thereby adding to the value and potential of the application. Research Strategy In order to achieve the goal of this study and develop a fundamental understanding of the role of the controversy that surrounds animal testing in the cosmetic industry, a qualitative approach utilizing a questionnaire structure together with industry review was determined to be appropriate (Yin 2003, pp. 16). Yin (2003, pp. 16) argues that the use reliable elements in any given analysis adds to the overall substance of the results.   This approach will provide the foundation for an inclusive well rounded study. Studies that utilize empirical research advance due to theory and logical inquiry that are developed alongside each another (Yin 2003, pp. 15). Data Collection Data for this study will be collected the through questionaries’ and case studies in a qualitative approach we (Yin 2003, pp. 16). This method allows for a perception of balance in the results. Data Analysis It is vital to efficiently decode, interpret and examine qualitative research findings (Pope, Ziebland and Mays 2000, pp. 20). Reliability, Validity, and Generalizability Reliability and validity are argued to be one of the most critical aspects of data analysis and collection during research (Miles and Huberman 1994, pp. 23). The credibility of quantitative results is in the associated reliability of the data and methods as well as the underlying findings. Silverman (2006, pp. 21) illustrates that reliability can be created when respondents fully understand the question. This must be present in order so that the responses can be coded correctly. Codification is achieved by formulating questions as directly as possible, avoiding any obvious forms of ambiguity (Silverman, 2006, pp. 23). Before starting each questionnaire a brief explanation of the research as well as its themes are given to the interviewees. This facet enables interviewees to understand the exact meaning of the questions which were asked.   In each instance the subjects should be informed with the same information and starting point for the discussion, this serves to putting each person at ease (Silverman 2006, pp. 24). The potential method in which to achieve validity is through the comparison of different kinds of data, this is referred to as triangulation (Silverman 2006, pp. 25). This approach illustrates that the results have demonstrated that triangulation helps to assure the truth status of each person. The truth status was further cemented by assuring that the personal information, alongside information about the interviewees firm would be treated confidentially. Finally, the findings are promised to be reported anonymously. This anonymous strategy was applied because anonymity is presumed to improve the content of truth of the interviewees’ responses (Silverman 2006, pp. 25). Ethical Issues Ethical issues should be clearly and directly addressed in order to alleviate potential issues (Yin 2003, pp. 17). Research Limitations The primary limitation to this study stems from the methodology utilized.   Qualtitative studies often are subject to a large amount of variables that have the potential to alter the results (Creswell 2003, pp. 53). The answers to the questionaries’ are often dependent of the background of the person being interviewed (Creswell 2003, pp. 51). This fact tempers the final results of the study. References Anderson, M. 2006.  Tasks and techniques. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Bronaugh, R. and Maibach, H. 1999.  Percutaneous absorption. New York: Dekker. Creswell, J. 2003.  Research design. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Degrazia, D. 1996.  Taking animals seriously. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ec.europa.eu. 2013.  Ban on animal testing European Commission. [online] Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/sectors/cosmetics/animal-testing/ [Accessed: 8 Aug 2013]. Kimmel, A. 2007.  Ethical issues in behavioral research. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.. King, G., Keohane, R. and Verba, S. 1994.  Designing social inquiry. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Marzulli, F. and Maibach, H. 1983.  Dermatotoxicology. Washington: Hemisphere Pub. Corp.. Miles, M., Huberman, A., Hlady Rispal, M. and Bonniol, J. 2003.  Analyse des donnà ©es qualitatives. Bruxelles: De Boeck università ©. Miller, N. 1985. The value of Behavioral Research on Animals.  Teh Rockefeller University, 40 (4), pp. 423-440. PETA.org. 2013..  Cosmetics and Household-Product Animal Testing. [online] Available at: peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/cosmetic-household-products-animal-testing.aspx [Accessed: 8 Aug 2013]. Pope, C., Ziebland, S., Mays, N. 2000. Analysing qualitative data. BMJ, 320(7227), 114-116. doi: 10.1136/bmj.320.7227.114 Silverman, D. 2006. Interpreting Qualitative Data (3 ed.). Oxford: The Alden Press. Yin, R. 2003.  Case study research. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Questionnaire: Controversy around animal testing and experimentation in the cosmetics industry Is animal testing in the field of cosmetics beneficial? Should animals be subject to death in order to determine the level of toxicity in proposed cosmetics product? Yes No. Should skin irritation testing be tested on mice if the animal in question will not feel any ill effects? Yes. No. Would you employ alternative methods over live animals in the cosmetics industry? Yes. No. Should the test animal be restrained during a testing? Yes. No. Is it allowable for a product to not be tested prior to market entry? Yes. No. If a test on a non-animal subject is considered inconclusive, should a live animal test be utilized? Yes. No. Is the European ban on animal testing a positive step? Yes. No. Should international companies that utilize animal testing be able to sell products in markets that ban the practice? Yes. No. Given the long history of animal testing, do you think that the practice has served to keep the general public safe? Yes. No. Is the potential for medical advances a good enough reason to use animals in testing? Yes. No. Does the prospect of an animal’s death stop you from allowing it to be used in the cosmetic industry? Yes. No. Can advances in technology fully replace the animal in the laboratory? Yes. No. Given the lack of similarity between subjects do you believe the results of animal testing are worth the process? Yes. No. What is your ethical and moral position on the practice of animal testing in the cosmetic industry? What are the primary benefits that are attributed to the practice of animal testing in the cosmetics industry? What are the primary detriments to the practice of animal testing in the cosmetic industry? What do you believe the future holds for the practice of animal testing in the cosmetics industry? Do you believe that animal testing has been beneficial for the animals standard of life? Is the practice of animal testing weakening the ability of the animal to survive?

Conflict Escalation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Conflict Escalation - Essay Example 152). Escalation may take place for other raison d'tres too. In accordance with the "conflict spiral model" (Rubin et al, 1994) escalation takes place when all sides reply to the other's endeavors. A conflict initiated with an easygoing approach by one party, pursued by equivalent plans by the other party. These plans sequentially create increasingly more violent plans by the prior party, which then stir up an equivalent reaction by the adversary. A number of studies corroborate that people respond obnoxious behavior in public communications (Burgoon, Le Poire, and Rosenshal, 1995) and get trapped in "joint controversial interactions" in discussions (Brett, Shapiro, and Lytle, 1998). When fights escalate, other people are vulnerable to be concerned. Organizations start to makepressure and inflict insensitive negative sanctions. Fighting may establish, or if violent behavior has already cropped up it may turn out to be harsher and/or prevalent as several opponents implicated in the conflict raises, with lots of people vigorously employ in conflict (Kriesberg, 1998, pg. 152). 'Escalation Conflict' can be considered as a realism of organization and organizational behavior (OB). Nearly every one will comprehend what is generally meant by "organizational conflict" and be familiar with its continuation and results. We can perceive conflict as an organizational behavior projected to impede the success of someone else's personal or organizational objectives. Conflict is anchored in the inappropriateness of aims and stems from differing organizational behaviors. In this paper, we shall discuss them briefly, and discuss how 'escalation of conflict' will be observed at the individuals' behavior, group dynamics or organizational processes and organizational structural levels. Individuals' Behavior There are countless researches that people usually are liable to assess behaviors, involvements, and results in provisos approving to the self (Dreu, Carsten et al. 1995). Conflict is menacing and brings about nervousness to an individual experiencing the conflicted behavior, whether it comes by a person or persons or is heading for other individuals working in an organization. People have distinct or opposite reflective processes and attitudes. They have dissimilar likes and dislikes, different viewpoints and dissimilar spiritual values. Individuals have dissimilar thoughts about the correct and incorrect way to execute things or about correct and incorrect as a general rule. All of these combined facets of the individual behavior can result in conflict when groups or a group of individuals worked together (Dreu, Carsten et al. 1995). Group Dynamics Central adjustments or changes that groups of individuals experience during escalation take account of not only the socio-psychological adjustments, but also alterations at the grouping or combined level. Dynamics at individualistic level are time and again emphasized by combined conversation and are likely to become group rules. Combined objectives of beating the opponent expand, in addition to enhanced group interrelatedness (Rubin et al. pg. 90). Once individuals comprehend that others share their visions and pay attention to new judgment supportive of them, their personal insights are legalized and resistant. Group debate can thus bring about individual associate to turn out to be more severe in their aggressive behaviours. Many rational

Strategic business analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Strategic business analysis - Essay Example Moreover, the improvements in infrastructures and technology contributed to the development of several motorcycles producing firms. In India, Hero-Honda is a household name when it comes to motorcycles. Obviously, the name suggests that the company was once composed of two independent motorcycle manufacturers. Gradually, the economic situation and several aspects paved for the merger. At present, the company occupies the top spot in terms of market share. Although it appears that the decision to merge was strategic in nature, some observers consider other reasons for the decisions. The complexities of strategic cooperation and collaboration make the situation an interesting point of analysis. The discussion will concentrate on the nature of the Hero-Honda partnership and its perceived benefits and drawbacks. This is determined through the comparison with Hero-Honda and among its competitors. The financial position of the company will serve as evidence of the success that has become the prime motivation of Hero-Honda to pursue higher goals. Honda traces its roots from Japan, which houses the likes of Kawasaki, Suzuki, and Toyota. These companies are world-class automotive manufacturers and embraced by majority of the automotive consumers. Honda is recognised as one of the leaders in the motorcycle industry. Its operations expand worldwide and have 437 subsidiaries scattered across the globe. The branch located in India is one of the largest. From its humble beginnings, Honda quickly made a huge impact with its cutting edge technological advancements and top notch motorcycles. Also, Honda's concern to the environment and the society where it operates is being admired. The product line of Honda ranges from small scoters to massive vehicles. For years, the development strength of Honda has made the company upbeat with the changes in the industry. Surprisingly, its unconventional approach in dealing with its clients has provided the company with increased benefits. The goal of Honda is to produce with unparalleled quality and to continue its improvement in the future. Honda aims to thrive in a society where the customers demand its existence. Honda revolves around the notion of respect to individuals and the promotion of three joys: buying, selling, and creating. The management principle seeks to maintain global viewpoint and the assurance that only the best products will be provided to customers. More important, the prices of Honda merchandises are lower than the competition and provide the highest level of customer satisfaction. 1.2. Hero Cycles Hero is centred in the philosophy of commitment, teamwork, and foresight. Even before India's independence of United Kingdom, Hero was already starting to make a name. The initial step was to sell bicycle parts and the plan expanded after a few years of operations. Unfortunately economic stagnation paralysed the progress of the company. Since the plan was to expand, Hero started moving in different areas and began the process of manufacturing bicycle parts. Then, Hero proceeded with the production of bicycles. The Guinness Book of Records certified Hero Cycles as the largest producer of bicycle in the world. The company controlled 48% of the market in India and Hero continued to hold the lead in the industry. The managers of Hero are known for their meticulous planning. The strategy of Hero was to focus on the strength and prevent the weaknesses from making strong impacts. The simple

The US Dollar will Lose its Status as the Worlds Reserve Currency Term Paper

The US Dollar will Lose its Status as the Worlds Reserve Currency within the Foreseeable Future - Term Paper Example According to the study euro had been getting closer to the US Dollars in terms of bank note circulation. Since its inception during the latter years of 1990s, the currency is found to be soaring high in terms of popularity especially among the Asian nations where almost two-thirds of total Euro bank notes in circulation are concentrated. The table alongside displays ample information to establish Euro is fast surpassing Dollars in terms of its circulation. To emphasise, stock of Euro has increased by 7 percent between 1999 and 2003 while that of Dollars has receded by 6.7 percent between 2001 and 2006. The diagram alongside shows the extents to which different foreign reserves are found to be growing over the years. Growth in Euro is witnessed as reaching a peak during 2002 and exceeding the corresponding rate for US Dollars. â€Å"With the creation of the euro in 1999, and the growth of the US external debt and current account deficits since then, the economic appeal of the dollar as an international currency has become less distinctive†. In fact, during the post Euro era, the position of US dollar has been fast depreciating owing to the fall in its store of value and liquidity. A downfall in the degree of liquidity of the currency accounts for the huge sums of US Dollar reserves that East Asian nations reserve had been maintaining in their reserves; this specifically is the reason behind a fall in the US Dollar circulation. Prior to the introduction of Euro, US Dollars assumed the topmost position in the international arena.  

Deconstruction And Methods Of Demolition Construction Essay

Deconstruction And Methods Of Demolition Construction Essay There are many advantages of deconstruction over standard demolition. These advantages include (1) conservation of landfill space; (2) makes recycling easier; (3) potential building materials available for reuse; (4) preserves natural resources that would otherwise have to be used. In order to minimise the amount of natural resources being used and the energy involved in manufacturing these materials, a cautious approach to the disposal of CD waste needs to considered. Reusing materials prevents the use of embodied energy. This is the energy that goes into the production and manufacturing of a new product. Reducing the amount of energy required in manufacturing, producing and transporting new products leads to a reduction in damage to the environment. The figure below shows a system which could be implemented in order to limit the number of materials being disposed of on construction sites. Waste Management Hierarchy for construction and demolition operations Challenges facing deconstruction There are a number of challenges which face deconstruction including (1) tools needed for deconstruction do not always exist; (2) disposal costs of CD waste is relatively low; (3) deconstruction takes up more time than conventional demolition; (4) building and design codes do not always cover the reuse of building materials; (5) buildings are not designed to be dismantled; (6) the environmental and economic advantages of deconstruction are not recognized. Deconstruction around the world Australia Volume of waste produced The total volume of waste produced in Australia almost doubled between 1997 and 2007. In 1997, the total volume of waste produced in Australia stood at 22.7 million tonnes while in 2007, the total volume of waste shot up to 43.8 million tonnes. While 29% of the total waste produced was directly from household waste, the CD sector accounted for almost 40%. (ABS, 2010) Demolition Procedure The Netherlands Waste Tax Waste taxes are placed on waste brought to the landfill or to the incinerator. The rate of tax can vary depending on the type of waste. In 1995, the Netherlands imposed a tax on the disposal of waste. The reason for this tax was to make other forms of waste treatment more appealing. Since the introduction of the tax the total volume of waste sent to landfills has decreased by a significant amount. The figure below shows how the huge decline in waste sent to landfills since the tax was imposed in 1995. (Oosterhuis et al, 2009) This landfill tax is always on the increase in the Netherlands. In 2009, the landfill tax was à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ã‚ ¬90 per toone. This is one of the highest landfill tax rates in the European Union. (defra.gov.uk, 2010) Waste production and treatment in the Netherlands Landfill Waste Ban Along with imposing waste taxes, the Netherlands also implemented bans on sending recyclable and combustible waste to the landfill. This came into operation in 1997. This included separated CD waste. The reason for this ban was to limit the amount of waste going to landfills which is seen as the least favoured method of disposal. The responsibility for implementing the ban lies with the landfill operators who are inspected regularly by the governmentà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s waste management agency, SenterNovern. The introduction of the ban in the Netherlands proved to be a success in cutting down the amount of CD waste sent to landfill. In 2009, 97% of CD waste in the Netherlands is recovered. (defra.gov.uk) Deconstruction Procedure Step 1 The first step in dismantling a building is to check to see if the building contains any hazardous substances. One of the main hazardous wastes which cause concern in Ireland is asbestos. This is a natural mineral which is used in many buildings for fire proofing or thermal insulation. The danger with asbestos is that if it breaks up, the fibres which make up asbestos may then be inhaled into the lungs as dust. This increases the risk of lung cancer and causes lung tissue scarring. Under EU legislation it is no longer allowable to re-use asbestos or to even buy products containing asbestos in Ireland. This means that asbestos cannot be recycled; it must be disposed of after it has been removed from the building. (citizensinformation.ie) Step 2 After a specialist contractor strips the building of all hazardous materials it is time to investigate the building and salvage any objects that can be reused as they are. This may include marble fireplaces, timber floors, radiators, doors, sinks and central heating boilers. Step 3 The building is categorised under one of the following three headings: Brickwork or block work buildings with timber floors and timber roof structure with roof tiles. Concrete frame buildings with prestressed concrete components. Steel frame buildings. Step 4: For all three categories above, the next step is to remove the flooring, tiles, plaster from the walls and ceiling. Windows are removed along with services installations (e.g. wall plugs, light switches). Metals are then removed and piping is also removed before the proper demoltion of the building starts. Step 5: There are a number of different types of waste that arise from stripping the building. These should be then split up into burnable and non-burnable materials. The burnable components brought to be incinerated while the non-burnables brought to the landfill. Step 6: Demolition: Brickwork or block work buildings with timber floors and timber roof structure with roof tiles. When every component of the building has been removed with the exception of the masonry works and the floors it is time to start taking the building apart floor by floor. Floor joists and timber floors are removed using a crane. These timber joists and flooring can then be reused. The advantage to using these second hand joists and flooring is that they are fully seasoned meaning they will not shrink. After the timber has been removed, the masonry blockwork is cut into sections and transported to be crushed. It may also be the case that the blockwork may be needed by the owner of the building in a new construction project. In this case the blocks are pulled down one by one and the mortar removed. Concrete frame buildings with prestressed concrete components. Prestressed concrete components in a building cause problems when it comes to disassembly because most of the time it is not known that the elements are actually prestressed. If prestessed concrete is cut up it may cause a structural element in the buiding to collapse. Steel frame buildings. The beams are dismantled one by one working from the top down. If the steel beams cannot be reused then they are cut and to be melted and remouilded. From time to time, steel structures like bridges are only partially taken apart and shipped overseas where the exact bridge is reused in another location. Step 7: The foundations of the building are th final step in the deconstruction of a building. Like the other elements of the structure the foundation is separated, broken up and transported to the crusher. In the case of concrete piles, they are removed by vibrating and pulling. If it is the case that wooden piles have been used as the foundation then it may be more difficult to remove as it will tend to break into pieves when being pulled from the ground. Demolition Techniques Balling This is the demolition technique where a heavy cast iron or steel ball is used to knock a building. The ball usually weighs between 500 to 5000kg. The balling technique can be used to demolish concrete, reinforced conrete and masonry. It has become less popular due to the level of disturbance which arises on site including vibrations, noise and dust.The ball can come into contact with the building in two ways (1) free fall (2) swinging. In the free fall process the demolition ball is lifted up into the air by a large magnet and then it is dropped onto the building which is to be demolished. In the swinging process the demolition ball is attached to a steel line which is attached to a machine with a rotating frame. Demolition Ball at work Demolition Breakers There are two types of breakers used in demolition (1) pneumatic (2) hydraulic. The difference between the two is pneumatic breakers are run using compressed air while hydraulic breakers use compressed oil. These type of breakers are used on concrete, brickwork and stone. Both types of breakers are mainly associated with minor demolition works, however they can also be attached to excavators for major demolition works. Pneumatic Breaker Hydraulic Shears Hydraulic shears are attached to excavators. They can be used in the demolition of any size structures and a wide range of materials like steel, concrete and timber. The two shears have toothed shears which slide past eachother to break up the selected material. Hydraulic Shears cutting steel Thermal Cutting Thermal cutting is used to cut steel and iron. Cutting torches are used for this process. There are three types of cutting torches (1) fuel/oxygen (2) powder (3) plasma. The fuel/oxygen cutting torches are run on a combination of oxegen and fuels such as natural gas, propane and acetylene which cuts at a maximum temperature of 3200 degrees Celsius. The choice of the fuel depends on the thickness of the metal. If the metal is too thick for a regular cutting torch then a powder cutting torch can be used. These can reach a maximum temperature of 4500 degrees Celsius. The powder cutting torch is more expensive than the regular cutting torches because there is an extra fed in the torch which allows aluminium and iron powder to be supplied. This is what increases the temperature of the flame. The plasma cutting is run by supplying electrical energy to gases such as helium and argon. These are used to cut alloyed steel which can be a slow process using the other two methods. Plasma cutting torches can cut up to four time faster than powder cuttinf torches. Explosives Explosives can be used in the demolition of buildings. Explosives can be set of using a wide variety of detonators which allows different detonation speeds. Explosions can be set off immediately or can be delayed by milliseconds if required. By blasting certain components of the building before others, it will allow the collapse of the structure to be carried out in a controlled manner. Even though this may help in accurately collapsing the building, there are still numerous examples of demolitions that have gone wrong when explosives have been used. This is why a large area must be cordoned off around the demolition site before blasting takes place. Crushing Separating CD Waste Immediately after a structure has been demolished it is transported a treatment plant where crushing and separating takes place. This enables new materials to be produced. The CD waste must go through a number of processes before it is recycled. It must get sieved, pre crushed to prevent the lager materials from damaging the main crusher and all material such as steel, glass, plastics and timber must be removed manually, by air separation or by washing. The materials must then be sieved at the end of the process in order to get the requied sizing for the new material. Jaw Crusher The jaw crusher is the machine use to pre-crush the CD waste. Large components such as reinforced concrete can be fed directly into the toggle crusher and are broken down into smaller piece by the moving jaw plate. Jaw Crusher Cone Breaker This type of machine cannot deal with large CD waste. After the waste has been pre-crushed the cone breaker is used as the main crusher. Inside this crushing machine is a cone that moves at high speed crushing waste material against fixed plates. Cone Breaker

Essay --

Pharmacokinetic (PK) modelling plays a critical role in drug discovery and clinical pharmacotherapy of several types of drugs. PK modelling and simulation approach have been widely use to explain and predict PK profile of a drug. Several PK simulations are employed to measure estimated therapeutic window, dose selection, and to identify mechanism of action of chemicals and their metabolites in various tissues throughout the body. This integral component of drugs development process can be employed to investigate hepatic deposition of substrates. The data generated from such trial may be used to predict substrate deposition in vivo or to extrapolate deposition from animal to humans. For instance, measurement of transhepatic extraction in the isolated perfused rat liver permits assessment of hepatic clearance in vivo as the product of extraction and hepatic blood flow, assuming the flow is known. Hepatic clearance can them be predicted across mammalian species through incorporation of extraction into physiologically based PK models (Dedrick, 1974). There are different approaches to ph...

Bite Mark Analysis

Criminal cases many times call for the examination of evidence that can tie a suspect or victim to a crime scene or to one another. These physical traces frequently include blood and other bodily fluids, hair, fibers, and even bite marks. Here we will focus our attention to the latter and its accuracy, as it applies to the field of forensic science referred to forensic odontology or forensic dentistry. Forensic odontology is the field of forensic science dealing with the recognition of unique attributes present in each individual's dental composition. 1] This branch of forensics relies heavily on extensive and detailed knowledge of the teeth, jaws, and dental anatomy possessed by a dentist. In addition to this knowledge, the forensic dentist must be well-versed in the interpretations of radiographs, pathology, charting, and types of dental treatment. The forensic dentist is dutifully responsible for the proper handling, assessment, and evaluation of dental evidence in the name of jus tice. The dentist is the key to identification based upon the distinctive features present in the dental structures of each individual. Identification of deceased individuals who cannot be identified by other means, identification of human remains, identification of victims in mass fatalities, assessment of bite mark patterns, and age estimation using teeth are all part of the role of forensic odontologists as well. [2] Identification of an assailant by comparing a record of their dentition with a record of a bite mark left on a victim and the presentation of bite mark evidence in court as an expert witness are also done as part of the job. Bite mark comparison is one of the major and newer parts of this forensic discipline that has been evolving since the 1970s and has played a major role in many cases and the convictions of many criminal including the infamous Ted Bundy who was convicted solely on evidence of a bite mark analysis. However, recently, there has been a lot of debating around the accuracy of a bite mark comparisons and if it can truly assist in accurately identifying suspect as the biter in an attack. For example, in 1991 Ray Krone, a former letter carrier without a criminal record, honorably discharged from the U. S. Air Force was charged with taking the life of a Phoenix cocktail waitress, Kim Ancona. A body examination revealed that she had been stabbed eleven times and bitten on the left breast and on her neck. Forensic evidence, or lack of it, indicated that there were no fingerprints and other bodily fluids although there was indication that she had been sexually assaulted. There was little evidence that tied Krone to the crime except for evidence of the bite mark on the victim's breast, which a state forensic odontologist, Dr. Raymond Rawosn, said matched his very distinct teeth. The bite mark testimony of Dr. Rawson convinced the jury that Krone was guilty and he was convicted. [3] During the time of prosecution, forensic DNA technology was not generally available, but once it was, Ray Krone was proved innocent of the crime. A DNA test not only established that he was not involved in the fatal stabbing, but that also identified the true perpetrator – a person already incarcerated on another unrelated offense. After being cleared by DNA, Ray Krone walked out of the Arizona State Penitentiary at Yuma on April 8, 2002, a free man. 4] In another case, Ricky Amolsch, 38, ended up in jail for ten months over a mistake that a forensic dentist made. His girlfriend, Jane Marie Fray was gruesomely stabbed twenty-two times and an electrical cord was wrapped tightly around her neck. She was also bitten near her left ear. Amolsch was arrested, photographed and fingerprinted. The chief forensic odontologist for Wayne and Oakland Counties, Dr. Allan Warnick’s claims of a bite mark match persuaded the district judge to sign a capital warrant. The preliminary hearing relied on this evidence alone with the forensic dentist, Dr Warnick, giving a compelling testimony. Since Amolsch was not eligible for bond, he had to stay in jail until his trial, and during that time, he lost his home, his savings and his children. [5] After one of Warnick's other cases was challenged, officials re-examined Amolsch's case. Dr. John Kennedy, another forensic dentist, reviewed the case and gave a second opinion that it was someone else, not Amolsch, who had bitten Fray's face. Two other forensic dentists agreed and Amolsch was released from jail. It is true that a human bite mark inflicted by an attacker on the skin of a victim may leave a definitive identifiable pattern that can be identified as being made by a certain set of teeth. If a suspect is apprehended his teeth are reproduced by taking impressions of the teeth and pouring plaster into the impression, thus producing a plaster model. The plaster models of his or her teeth are then put on a scanner and scanned to make a digital image. A tracing of the biting edges of the teeth is then made either using the omputer or tracings from the printed image. This tracing is then superimposed on the bite mark photo, either manually or electronically using a scanned image of the bite mark, to determine if a match can be made. [6] Bite mark analysis is based on two postulates: a) the dental characteristics of anterior teeth involved in biting are unique amongst individuals, and b) this asserted uniqueness is transferred and recorded in the injury. [7] However, some bites are force ful enough to leave a good impression, others are not. A bite might penetrate the skin, but often only leaves bruising—and sometimes the blood marks of a bruise are mistaken for the impression of a tooth. It also seems to be the case that skin gets distorted when bitten or the teeth slide during the act of biting. [8] Furthermore, the level of distortion tends to increase after the bite mark was made. A studies suggest that for the bite mark to be accurately analyzed, the body must be examined in exactly the same position it was in when the bite occurred which can be a difficult if not an impossible task to accomplish. In addition, bite mark analysis is also controversial because dental profiles are subject to change. The loss and/or chipping of teeth, or the alteration of arch configuration through a variety of procedures, such as the use of braces, is common in human populations. The onset of oral diseases such as dental caries has been shown to alter the arch and tooth configuration and must be taken into account when comparing a dental profile to the bite mark after a significant amount of time has passed since the mark was made. 9] All of these variables affect the validity of a bite mark analysis and trying to identify an biter through the uniqueness of his or her dentition. One particular case that highlighted the lack of uniqueness in bite marks involved two suspects accused of attacking a man that had sustained a bite mark injury. Two separate forensic dentists, one representing the prosecution and one the defense, were brought in to analyze the mark. They reported conflicting results. One found the mark to come from suspect A and the other said it was from suspect B. This disagreement resulted from the fact that even though the two suspects had dental features making them unique, the bite mark itself was not detailed enough to reflect them. Therefore, the mark could have reasonably come from either of the men[10]. The equivocal outcome demonstrated in the case emphasizes the difficulty in proving uniqueness. In conclusion, not all bite marks have the level of forensic value necessary to identify just one individual. Now, individual characteristic within a bite mark or in a person's dentition is a distinguishing feature, trait, or pattern. Individual dental characteristics are reported to be features that are unique to an individual variation within a defined group. The presence of worn, fractured or restored teeth is valued as unique features. If a bite mark possesses the reflection of such a feature(s), the degree of confidence in a match increases. It is actually counter-intuitive to assume enamel chips, fractures, and dental restorations are always inherently unique. The shape of human teeth is quite constant in nature and their changes over time are based on common events.

Analysis Of President Bushs Post-Cold War Interve Essays

Analysis Of President Bush's Post-Cold War Interve Essays Analysis Of President Bush's Post-Cold War Intervention Policy Analysis of President Bush's post-cold war intervention policy What Leads to Intervention?: A Case Study of Intervention During the Bush Administration As Commander-in-Chief of the most powerful armed force in a world plagued by small military crises, the question ultimately becomes: when does a crisis call for intervention? From 1988 to 1992, this was President George Bushs dilemma. The days of the United States fearing embroilment in international affairs due to the towering menace of the USSR and global destruction ended at about the same time as Bush ascended the Presidency. However, with the threat of the USSR gone, the importance of small scale conflicts had taken priority in maintaining world peace. Further, the fall of communism had left the United States with a leading role in world politics. In that position, with a powerful armed force behind it, the United States carried the heavy responsibility of how and why to use its new found eminence. That responsibility fell onto the shoulders of Mr. George Bush as the first American President to sit in that exalted position. His actions would determine the United States place in the new world order and set the path that future Presidents would have to carefully tread. The world order that President Bush inherited was of a vastly different character then that of all his predecessors. The Cold War environment that the world had just left behind had provided a clear framework for national security policy and the use of the US military. The environment that Bush walked into was an environment filled with disagreement and confusion over the new framework with which the US should operate. It was also an environment with which the role of Congress was almost eliminated as President Bush continually authorized military operations without the full consent of Congress. It was an environment where the executive held the power to use the military based on his own intent. During his term in the Presidency, George Bush was confronted with many opportunities to demonstrate his intent for the US military. The four years while Bush was President saw crisis situations occur with alarming frequency. In each of these crisis areas, gross human rights violations were committed. In some cases he reacted with swift military action, in the name of humanitarianism, while in other cases he allowed sanctions to do the job. The crisis situations where he advocated a military intervention and the situations where he did not both tell the whole story. In analyzing these actions, it can be ascertained which variables promoted a military intervention and which did not. The Variables There are many variables that could influence the United States decision to send a military intervention, however very few are relevant, quantifiable or could possibly have a strong influence over such an important decision. Therefore, based on published literature and observation there appear to be five compelling variables which would have

Free Essays on History Of The Internet

In 1964, the RAND proposal was put forward. Written by Paul Baran, this proposal stated the principles of a new network which was to be built for maximum strength and flexibility. This new network would have no central authority. The principles of this network were that all the nodes would be equal in status and each could send and receive messages. All the messages would be sent in packets, each with its own address. These packets would be sent at one node and would arrive at another one. This may seem rather obvious, but what was new was that the way the packets went through the net was not important. That means that if one node was destroyed, the rest of the nodes would still be able to communicate. This is of course was inefficient and rather slow, but extremely reliable. The Internet still uses this method nowadays, and there has been only one collective crash so far. The Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) wanted to install an advanced network based on the principles in the US. The network was called ARPANET and consisted of four high speed computers (nodes). In 1969, the first node was installed in UCLA. By 1971 there were 23 nodes on ARPANET. In 1972 the first e-mail program was created by Ray Tomlinson of BBN. He chose the @ symbol to link the username to the address. Telnet protocol allowed logging on to a distant computer. It was published as Request for Comments (RFC). These were means of sharing developmental work throughout the network community. Instead of using the ARPANET for long distance computing, the scientists used it for communicating with each other. Each user had his/her own e-mail address. In 1973, â€Å"Development began on the protocol later to be called TCP/IP, it was developed by a group headed by Vinton Cerf from Stanford and Bob Kahn from DARPA. This new protocol was to allow diverse computer networks to interconnect and communicate with each other (Kristula 1974-1983).†... Free Essays on History Of The Internet Free Essays on History Of The Internet In 1964, the RAND proposal was put forward. Written by Paul Baran, this proposal stated the principles of a new network which was to be built for maximum strength and flexibility. This new network would have no central authority. The principles of this network were that all the nodes would be equal in status and each could send and receive messages. All the messages would be sent in packets, each with its own address. These packets would be sent at one node and would arrive at another one. This may seem rather obvious, but what was new was that the way the packets went through the net was not important. That means that if one node was destroyed, the rest of the nodes would still be able to communicate. This is of course was inefficient and rather slow, but extremely reliable. The Internet still uses this method nowadays, and there has been only one collective crash so far. The Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) wanted to install an advanced network based on the principles in the US. The network was called ARPANET and consisted of four high speed computers (nodes). In 1969, the first node was installed in UCLA. By 1971 there were 23 nodes on ARPANET. In 1972 the first e-mail program was created by Ray Tomlinson of BBN. He chose the @ symbol to link the username to the address. Telnet protocol allowed logging on to a distant computer. It was published as Request for Comments (RFC). These were means of sharing developmental work throughout the network community. Instead of using the ARPANET for long distance computing, the scientists used it for communicating with each other. Each user had his/her own e-mail address. In 1973, â€Å"Development began on the protocol later to be called TCP/IP, it was developed by a group headed by Vinton Cerf from Stanford and Bob Kahn from DARPA. This new protocol was to allow diverse computer networks to interconnect and communicate with each other (Kristula 1974-1983).†...

A Lifestyle by Fernando Sorrentino Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A Lifestyle by Fernando Sorrentino - Essay Example This change in his outlook and lifestyle did not happen voluntarily but was forced upon him by circumstances. While the story may sound far-fetched, the character underlines human capacity to adjust to circumstances and more importantly, to remain â€Å"relatively happy† in the end without the usual trappings. Conflict Both internal and external conflicts exist in this story (Garp, online). The inner conflict is the narrator’s physical, social and psychological struggle with the circumstances that he faced. This internal conflict makes him wonder how to cope with a difficult situation and survive. His external conflict is with the society, of which he was a part not so long ago and leading a normal life, unaware of the ridiculous extent to which urban life and social relations have descended to. (your last name) 2 Theme and central idea Thematically it is a humorous story. Humor is noted throughout the story’s incidents like the pompous declaration of a locksmith about his association’s Magna Carta and the ethics of and restrictions on its members, the vicarious pleasure of the janitor/girl-friend/colleagues at the bank at his discomfiture, and his gradual adjustment from dependence to independence.

Business Ethics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Ethics - Term Paper Example 1.c Oligopoly In an oligopoly market, the number of firms or sellers is few, and the entry of the other party is restricted, though more than one seller is allowed to enter in oligopoly market (Velasquez, G.M., â€Å"Business Ethics: Concepts and Cases†: 167). 1.d Monopolistic Competition In a monopolistic competition, the number of buyers is many and the entry of the sellers is free like perfect competition (Velasquez, G.M., â€Å"Business Ethics: Concepts and Cases†: 167). Type of Market Factors Monopoly Oligopoly Perfect Competition Monopolistic Competition Number of sellers One seller Few seller Large number of sellers Several/ many Entry to the market Restricted/ completely blocked Restricted Unrestricted/free Unrestricted/free Nature of product Unique Differentiated /undifferentiated Homogeneous Differentiated Demand curve Downward sloping, more inelastic Downward sloping, relatively inelastic Horizontal Downward sloping, relatively elastic Examples Local water su pply Cars, electronics, Cement Carrots, Cabbage, Potato Restaurants, Builders Source: (Velasquez, G.M., â€Å"Business Ethics: Concepts and Cases†: 167). Question 2 2. ... He also added that the personal right to liberty or property is valid but the right to a pollution free society and living is more important than the property right. Every individual has their own property and liberty to use that property according to their wish but they should keep in mind that the nature is interconnected, once an individual pollute their property the others’ property also gets affected. When a person poisons his or her land or well, the other lands and wells also get poisoned, which harms the ecology and the environment. Every other person is responsible towards the environment and its good health. There are many Anti Pollution Acts to save the environment and the people of the society should abide by those laws to enjoy as well as to give others a standard living. Though the view point of Blackstone does not solve the issue permanently, still there are few questions on the pollution and its acts such as, how much pollution to control, how much property rig hts to be limited for the environment and its health. In relation to the above discussion, it can be acknowledged that both the rights are important for the society, without the right to property and liberty the society would have huge problems regarding the ownership of the property and the day-to-day activities. The farmers and fishermen are dependent on the environment, land and water. Without the right to property and right to liberty they would have real problem, but at the same time they are responsible to pollute the society as less as they can, which would maintain a balance between the people and the nature (Velasquez, M. G., â€Å"Business Ethics: Concepts and Cases†). Question 3 Firm’s

Economic development in bahrain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Economic development in bahrain - Essay Example Her population is 1.05 million with birth rate of 18 per 1000, death rate 4 per 1000, life expectancy is 74.7 years, birth rate is 2.6 children per woman, and literacy rate is 86.5 percent. It is mainly a Islamic country with 81.2 percent Muslims with ethnic groups like 62.4 percent Bahraini, 37.6 percent non-Bahraini, 9 percent Christian and 9.8 percent others (Bahrain, n.d.) Bahrain also known as al-Ihsa (Arabic) is a coastal town bounded by the Pursian Gulf on the east with Iraq above and Oman below is famous for its pearls (Nadwi, 1936, p.24). The history of this Arabian country finds it roots back in 2300 B.C. The land of Bahrain was the hub of ancient civilization of Dilmun, a pronominal trading center at that time connecting the civilization of Sumeria in Mesopotamia with the Indus Valley in India. After the degeneration of the civilization of Dilmun in 600 B.C., the most phenomenal incident which took place there was the overtaking of Bahrainian rule by the Carmathians (half-muslim, half -Magians) during the Muslim age and they established this place as their central political arena. The Carmathians were dethroned by the Sunni rulers in 976 and developed a powerful Muslim rule there. The pearl treasure of Bahrain became an immense attraction for the foreign invaders and plunderers as a consequence of which many foreign rulers ruled this place for a significant time period like during the 13th and 14th century the Mongols ruled there who were dethroned from their powers by Portuguese invasion in 1521 who ruled for about a century and then taken over by Bahranian rule which was followed by Omanian rule for some time then for a certain period of time the Persians ruled who were defeated by Al Khalifa clan invasion in 1783. Although the Al Khalifans were removed by the sultanate of Oman for some time they regained power in 1811. On the other hand the colonial expansion of Great Britain imparted its focus toward

Coffee and Starbucks Corporation Essay Example for Free

Coffee and Starbucks Corporation Essay Acknowledgements: First and foremost, we would like to express our gratitude to our faculty Ms. Nusrat Huq for her constant support and motivation, and we would also like to thank her for assigning a topic to our group that has been quite interesting to work with. We are immensely grateful to our friends and AIUB alumni who have been kind enough to share their knowledge with us. Last but not the least, our sincere gratitude goes to our respected families for their guidance and contribution in all aspects of our lives. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Among many other global coffee shops, Starbucks is the most popular. This article discusses the company’s internal and external environments, its corporate strategies, organization structures, how they can improve their quality, and where there is room for success.In 1971, three young entrepreneurs began the Starbucks Corporation in Seattle Washington. Their key goal was to sell whole coffee beans. Soon after, Starbucks began experiencing huge growth, opening five stores all of which had roasting facilities, sold coffee beans and room for local restaurants. In 1987, Howard Schultz bought Starbucks from its original owners for $4 million after expanding Starbucks by opening three coffee bars. These coffee bars were based on an idea that was originally proposed to the owner who recruited him into the corporation as manager of retail and marketing. Overall, Schultz strategy for Starbucks was to grow slow. Starbucks went on to suffer financial losses and overhead operating expenses rose as Starbucks continued its slow expansion process. Despite the initial financial troubles, Starbucks went on to expand to 870 stores by 1996. Sales increased 84%, which brought the corporation out of debt. With the growing success, Starbucks planned to open 2000 stores by year 2000.

Honor Roles In Medieval Society Essay -- essays research papers

The Poem of the Cid is a story of a hero based in medieval Spain. During this time period much of everyday living was distinguished by honor roles. Throughout this paper I will write roles honor played in this society, and the effect it had on the expectations of men and women in medieval society. I will end with ways in bringing dishonor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Cid was an ideal Lord. He was generous to his followers, showed them respect, and took acceptance of their council. He was loyal almost to a fault. He brought honor to himself by giving honor to his Lord, King Alfonso. Alfonso who was the opposite of the Cid, he did not know how to let his vassals bring him honor. The King often believed the enemies of the Cid therefore not trusting him. Enemies misled the King, which later dealt the banishment of the Cid. After he was banished from his home never did he hire himself to the Moors as a mercenary. The Cid continued to gain much territory and many riches for the king who exiled him, King Alfonso. In doing this he hoped to regain the acceptance of his king.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Cid brought honor to himself and his king by winning in battle. A measurement of honor could be assembled on the number of victories along with the â€Å"booty† that had been collected. An example of this is shown in the battle against Count Ramon. After accomplishing this victory The Cid gained possession of Colada, a sword worth many marks in silver. Written on page 75, â€Å"T...

Utilizing Leadership and Communication in Management

Communication and effective leadership are widely considered to be the major challenges facing managers in the 20th century in their respective workplace. It is crucial in any management scenario for an effective leader to be a fluent, competent and expert communicator. In essence, this can be applied to all leadership scenarios whether it is organisational, recreational or even military based. If not utilised properly, the situation of a manager who is lacking key communication qualities can easily lead to the downfall of the organisation.It therefore gives credence to the idea that a successful organisation is one who utilises the methods of upright leadership and effective communication in their internal and external management. The process of communication is defined as â€Å"an interpersonal process of sending and receiving symbols with messages attached to them† (Schermerhorn 2011, p. 457). This in a practical sense is the ability to convey a person’s verbal or no n-verbal messages to achieve an understanding of what they require (Brown & Cliquet 2008).This can be in the form of verbal conversation stating tasks that a person is required to do or in the non-verbal form which is usually in the system of body language to emphasise certain verbal directions. In terms of a business organisation, the manager must be effective in their communication otherwise their directions will be lost to either the employee, stakeholders or even the customers (Schermerhorn, 2011). This would lead to the fact that manager’s passing of information is only successful when they are actively telling the employee in regards to a task that they have to undertake.This can be in the form of active listening sessions or improving the means of communication. This can be through improving communication techniques in technology or closing barriers which are hindering effective communication (Schermerhorn 2011 p. 460 – 467). This theory must be applied to many businesses and organisations around the world because without the necessary effective communication, information cannot be passed on therefore leading to a stagnation of possibly crucial material (Bratton et. l, 2007). Senior Professor at the University of Auckland Peter Boxall suggests that in regards to communication with human resources across transnational corporations that: â€Å"[Communication] is the attempt to build ‘constructive’ relationships with trade unions†¦broad ranging discussion are held with extensive information provided to the unions on a whole range of discussions. Emphasis is also placed on techniques designed to enhance individual employee commitment to the firm† (Boxall, 1995 p. 6-57). This quote suggests that to maintain a successful relationship between transnational trade unions, you must have apt communication from the executives to the workers otherwise the flow of material will become stagnant and the information will not be pas sed (Boxall, 1995). An example poor communication can be attributed to Michelle Smeby’s case study of a fortune 100 company named Holistic Change Ltd.They had neglected to tell the stakeholders of potential changes in the information technology section of the workplace which would vastly improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the workplace (Schermerhorn 2011), (Smeby 2011). Holistic Change Ltd. could have handled the situation better if they had planned the change; including informing the stakeholders so they could make a formative assessment on whether it would be beneficial to the company (Smeby 2011).It proved to be a hindrance to the company which led to a reduction to their share price. This was due to the shareholders not possessing a full access of all the information that the company was retaining leading to an uncertainty of future projections and profits (Smeby 2011). Many businesses fail to implement effective communication techniques due to the fact that the training initiatives and education could become very expensive and is usually regarded an unimportant part of the daily management of a company (Bratton, 2007).This does not just apply from the managers to the employees of an organisation, but it also applies with the organisations communication skills with the customer (Peterson, 2006 p. 36). It is stating that it is necessary in an organisation without proper communication with the customers, it will unable to either sell its goods or services. The ‘Business Source Complete’ journal article reflections are identical to the statements regarding the importance of effective communication with customer by suggesting that in the approach of seeking ew customers, the organisation has to undertake four key tactics. These include media relations, speaking opportunities, media partnerships and special events (Weber & Chadwick, 2004). Because the organisation is actively seeking out ways to express their company through methods of communication, it will most likely succeed in the objective of gaining new customers to improve revenue (Business Source Complete, 2004). This therefore gives credence to the fact that effective communication is necessary in the success of an organisation.In response to effective communication with to employees, it is crucial to apply with the effective and efficient communication skills which are stated by Schermerhorn as â€Å"the intended meaning of the source and the perceived meaning of the receiver are identical [which] occurs at minimum cost† (Schermerhorn 2011, p. 458). This therefore leads on to suggest that effective communication is derived from profound leadership due to the fact that if someone in a position of power can effectively delegate tasks they must be able to motivate, leading and be able to reduce the barriers of effective communication.Leadership is defined by Schermerhorn (2011) as the process of arousing enthusiasm and directing efforts towards o rganisational goals. Therefore, without proper communication skills, a manager will not be able to convey their instructions and therefore, makes the development of a leader stagnant. Claire Oldfield states her journal article that â€Å"[Leadership] unites people, develops opportunities and, crucially in these difficult times, ensures survival† (Oldfield C 2008, p. 69).This suggests that it is not only a way of future monetary successes, but a way to ensure that the organisation will survive during turbulent financial times (Oldfield 2008). Chadwick (2006) in ‘Leadership in Business Development’ states that â€Å"Successful business development leaders have a passion for their mission, and it generally shows in almost everything they do. By their positive attitude, intellectual quickness and exemplary work ethic, they inspire and lead the folks around them† (Chadwick 2006, p. 1) This shows that a leader must show some inspiration to the team in order for them to perform the tasks well.If the leader is able to communicate their vision in such a way that the employee’s will commit their resources into achieving an idealic solution for the manager, this will result in effective and efficient leadership (Schermerhorn 2011, p. 340). It also suggests that a leader must have the mental capacity to be able to inspire through motivation due to the fact that they are striving for the same result as the employee. Gage (2008) states in his journal article that the necessary leadership is one which strives on the use of reward and legitimate power (Gage 2008, p. ) (Schermerhorn 2011, p. 341). Schermerhorn (2011) defines reward power as â€Å"the capacity to offer something of value as a way of influencing them†. This is a practical sense is the ability to make an employee work to the managers standards by the use of offering an incentive (Schermerhorn 2011). This can be in the form of offering them an award or a salary bonus. Scher merhorn (2011) defines the use of legitimate power as the â€Å"capacity to influence other people by virtue of formal authority, or rights of office† (Schermerhorn 2011, p. 341).If the manager was able to exert his power by utilising these methods, there is no doubt that the workers of the organisation will work more effectively and efficiently because of the incentive which is offered for their services. There is evidence to suggest that leadership is helpful in any management scenario, but Peter Boxall states that â€Å"It takes strong executive leadership to bring about positive patterns of employment relations. In the end, it is the senior leadership of companies that should be responsible for the quality of employment relations† (Boxall 1995 p. 303).This quote by management professor Peter Boxall gives credence to the fact that it is necessary that without proper leadership, there will be no guidance for the rest of the team concluding to an inability to perform the tasks which are needed (Boxall 1995, p. 303). This will only hinder the process of management and can possibly lead to the termination of the organisation (Schermerhorn, 2011). In conclusion, communication and effective leadership considered to be the major challenges facing managers in the 20thcentury. It is crucial in any management scenario for an effective leader to be a fluent, competent and expert communicator.In essence, this can be applied to all leadership scenarios, but if not utilised properly can easily lead to the downfall of the organisation. A manager needs to also be a motivator through their leadership and communication skills because this is proven to the most effective way of getting the most efficient results from the employees. It therefore gives credence to the idea that a successful organisation is one who utilises the ideas of leadership and communication in their internal and external management effectively. Reference ListBoxall, P 1997, ‘The Chall enge of Human Resource Management’, Longman Paul Ltd. , Auckland, NZ Bratton, J & Gold, J 2007, ‘Human Resource Management Theory and Practice’, Palgrave Macmillanm New York, NY Brown, R & Cliquet F 2008, ‘Communication of Business Process Models’, BP Trends, Vol. 10, No. 9, accessed 3 October 2011, Business Source Complete Chadwick, S 2006, ‘Leadership in Business Development’, Printing Impressions, Vol. 49, No. 5, p. 114-115, accessed 3 October 2011, Business Source Complete Oldfield, C 2008, ‘Leadership’, Director. co. uk, Vol. 62, No. 4, p. 9, accessed 3 October 2011, Business Source Complete Peterson, K 2004, ‘Effective Communication promotes Business’, Kitchen and Bath Design News, Vol. 16, No. 12, accessed 3 October, Business Source Complete Ritchie, M 2008, ‘Leadership for Business’, Manitoba Business, Vol. 30, No. 1, p. 5, accessed 3 October 2011, Business Source Complete Schermerhorn et. a l 2011, ‘Management’, John Wiley & Sons, Milton, QLD Weber & Chadwick Hong Kong 2004, ‘Product & Promotion – Marketing Communications: Business’, Media, Vol. 62, No. 21, accessed 3 October, Business Source Complete